泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌ICU交叉感染防控策略

目的探索防控泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌交叉感染的有效方法。方法2005年收集RICU患者分离的泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌共7株,采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)进行分型,分析相关临床资料,实施"降阶梯防控策略"。结果4例患者检出的5株泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌药物敏感试验相同,存在交叉感染高危因素,PFGE图形一致,明确存在交叉感染;采取"降阶梯防控策略"后,无其他患者发生交叉感染。结论"降阶梯防控策略"对控制泛耐药菌交叉感染有重要临床意义。     

亚胺培南耐药铜绿假单胞菌金属β内酰胺酶的检测和同源性分析

目的了解亚胺培南耐药铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性、同源性及金属β内酰胺酶类型。方法收集我院2006年1—9月临床分离的亚胺培南耐药铜绿假单胞菌29株，用琼脂稀释法测定10种抗菌药物的MIC；通过改良Hodge试验、双纸片协同试验、PCR、序列分析等方法分析金属β内酰胺酶类型，紫外分光光度法测定金属β内酰胺酶的活性；脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）分析菌株同源性。结果29株细菌均为多重耐药株，仅对哌拉西林一他唑巴坦和阿米卡星敏感率较高，分别为69．7％和60．6％。29株细菌PFGE图谱分为16个基因型，A型主要集中在呼吸内科病房，B、C型来自神经外科ICU，D、E型来自器官移植病房，F型来自创伤外科病房，G型来自神经内科病房，其余为散在分布。29株菌中有2株产VIM-2金属β内酰胺酶（6．9％）。结论本院亚胺培南耐药铜绿假单胞菌主要为医院感染流行株，且呈多重耐药，有2株菌产VIM-2型金属β内酰胺酶。     

多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌耐药谱及耐消毒剂qacEΔ1基因分析

目的了解多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的临床分布、耐药谱特征及耐消毒剂基因qacEΔ1的携带情况,为医院感染防控提供实验室依据。方法收集2013年10月至2014年8月临床标本中分离的鲍曼不动杆菌共56株,分别采用微量肉汤稀释法和聚合酶链反应(PCR)进行药物敏感性试验和耐消毒剂基因qacEΔ1的检测;随机抽取qacEΔ1基因阳性标本进行序列测定。结果临床分离的多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌主要分离于痰液和分泌物标本,分别占70.7%和15.5%;病区主要来自重症监护病房和呼吸内科,分别占41.1%和17.9%。药敏试验除对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(32.1%)的耐药率较低外,对其余抗菌药物普遍耐药。耐消毒剂qacEΔ1基因检测出50株阳性标本,携带率为89.3%。测序结果与GeneBank中相应基因序列相比较,同源性为98%。结论多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌以呼吸道为主要感染途径且病区集中趋势明显。耐消毒剂qacEΔ1基因携带率高,加强监测多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的消毒剂抗性,对临床科学使用消毒剂具有重要意义。     

Disseminated tuberculosis with paradoxical reactions caused by a Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain belonging to the Indo-Oceanic lineage: An imported case in Japan

Tuberculosis remains a major public health concern. Millions of tuberculosis cases and associated deaths have been reported worldwide. The Indo-Oceanic lineage Mycobacterium tuberculosis is common in Southeast Asia and causes extrapulmonary lesions. Only a few case studies on this lineage with genetic analysis using whole-genome sequencing have been reported in the literature. We present a case of disseminated tuberculosis, characterized by a variety of extrapulmonary lesions and paradoxical reactions, caused by the Indo-Oceanic lineage M. tuberculosis in a woman in Myanmar. A 22-year-old Burmese woman had arthritis in the right knee, with unknown aetiology, and was referred to our hospital. Computed tomography of the trunk revealed multiple nodular shadows in both lungs; swollen mediastinal lymph nodes; and small, low-density areas in the spleen. M. tuberculosis was detected in the sputum sample, joint aspirate, subcutaneous tumor, and exudate. She experienced a variety of paradoxical reactions together with aggressive tuberculosis dissemination in all areas of the body. Whole-genome sequencing of the DNA of MTB obtained from sputum and the right cervical subcutaneous abscess confirmed the Indo-Oceanic lineage of M. tuberculosis, the predominant strain in Myanmar. The Indo-Oceanic lineage M. tuberculosis causes disseminated tuberculosis all over the body including the periungual region. When patients show unusual symptoms, physicians should consider the introduction of new strains from foreign countries. Genetic analyses of the strains are recommended to define and confirm the lineages.     

重症监护病房中耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌感染相关危险因素的研究

目的 探讨重症监护病房（ICU）中耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌（CRE）感染的危险因素,为临床防治提供参考。方法 选取2016年1月—2019年6月中山市人民医院ICU收治的196例医院感染患者的临床资料,根据病原菌检测结果将CRE阳性患者归为CRE组（35例）,阴性者为对照组（161例）。分析CRE病原菌分布、耐药特点,采用多因素Logistic回归分析影响ICU患者CRE感染的危险因素。结果 共检出CRE阳性35例,感染率为17.86%（35/196）;共检出68株CRE菌株,以肺炎克雷伯菌检出率最高（52.94%）。CRE菌株对β-内酰胺类、碳青霉烯类等抗菌药物均有不同程度耐药,对多肽类、四环素类抗菌药物较为敏感。CRE组的年龄≥ 50岁、APACHEⅡ评分≥20分、ICU住院时间≥10 d、机械通气时间≥3 d、留置尿管、血液透析、使用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物、使用头孢类抗菌药物、联合用药占比均高于对照组（P <0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,APACHEⅡ评分≥20分［O^R=2.065（95% CI：1.325,12.592）］、使用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物［O^R=2.812（95% CI：1.432,19.624）］、联合用药［O^R=3.785（95% CI：1.523,23.274）］、机械通气时间≥3 d ［O^R=2.134（95% CI：1.115,9.642）］和ICU住院时间≥10 d ［O^R=1.996（95% CI：1.205,7.064）］是ICU患者CRE感染的危险因素（P <0.05）。结论 ICU内CRE感染率高,病情重、碳青霉烯类抗菌药物暴露史、联合使用多种抗菌药物、机械通气时间和ICU住院时间延长是CRE感染的危险因素。     

某综合性中医院2018~2020年耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分布特点和医院感染监测情况分析

目的 了解某综合性中医院耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的分布特点及医院感染情况,为多重耐药菌医院感染控制工作提供依据。方法 回顾性分析安徽中医药大学第一附属医院2018~2020年住院的166 115例患者检出的MRSA监测资料,将患者分为MRSA医院感染组（130例）和非MRSA医院感染组（446例）。采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析患者MRSA医院感染的分布特点及危险因素。结果 2018~2020年住院患者共检出MRSA 576株,总检出率为34.95%,经趋势χ²检验,MRSA检出率呈逐年下降趋势（χ²=20.089,P<0.001）。MRSA菌株主要来源是痰（52.95%）和咽拭子（15.97%）;分离出的MRSA主要集中在神经外科（49.83%）、肾病科（7.64%）;分离出的MRSA菌株主要分布在冬季（27.95%）、春季（27.43%）。3年来,共有130例患者发生MRSA医院感染,MRSA总的医院感染发病率为0.78‰。2018~2020年MRSA医院感染发病率分别为0.68‰、0.74‰、0.96‰,经趋势χ²检验,MRSA医院感染发病率随年份增加的趋势无统计学意义（χ²=2.508,P=0.113）。单因素分析结果显示,MRSA医院感染组与非MRSA医院感染组在年龄、住院时间、基础疾病、侵入性操作4个方面比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。多因素分析显示,年龄、住院时间和有侵入性操作3个因素是患者MRSA医院感染的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 通过对医院MRSA分布及医院感染情况进行监测和分析,能够及早发现其易感高危人群和危险因素,及时准确地掌握其分布和感染变化情况,对指导临床做好多重耐药菌感染防控工作具有重要的意义。     

Epidemiology,risk factors,and impact of bacterial infections on outcomes for pancreatic grafts

We aimed to determine the epidemiology, risk factors, and impact of bacterial infection on pancreatic function after pancreas transplantation. Data for pancreas transplant recipients were retrospectively reviewed between 2000 and 2014 for at least 1 year. We collected and analyzed post‐transplant data for bacterial infection, morbidity, and mortality. During the study period, 312 pancreas transplants were performed. In total, 509 episodes of bacterial infection were diagnosed in 191 patients (61%). Multidrug‐resistant (MDR) organisms were present in 173 of the 513 isolated microorganisms (33%). Risk factors independently associated with bacterial infection were acute allograft rejection (OR 1.7, 95%CI 1.1‐3), the need for post‐transplant hemodialysis, (OR 5.3, 95%CI 1.8‐15.7) and surgical re‐intervention (OR 2.8, 95%CI 1.5‐5.1), which was also considered a risk factor for infections caused by MDR bacteria. Graft survival was associated with the occurrence of one or more episodes of bacterial infection (log‐rank test = 0.009). Surgical re‐intervention was independently associated with graft loss (OR 2.5, 95%CI 1.3‐4.7). To conclude, pancreas recipients frequently experienced bacterial infections associated with the need for hemodialysis or surgical re‐intervention. Infection by MDR organisms is a growing concern in these patients and was related to graft survival. Graft loss was independently associated with surgical re‐intervention.     

1 例颅内皮氏罗尔斯顿菌合并血流瓦氏葡萄球菌感染患儿的抗感染治疗

目的:探讨 1 例颅内泛耐药皮氏罗尔斯顿菌合并血流瓦氏葡萄球菌感染患儿的抗感染治疗。 方法:从抗感染治疗方案的制定、调整、血药浓度监测、不良反应监护等多个方面对患者实施全流程药学监护。 结果:临床医师完全采纳临床药师的抗感染方案并取得了良好疗效,脑脊液和血液均未再培养出该病原菌。 结论:该抗感染方案安全、有效,临床药师提供的药学服务在临床治疗中发挥着重要作用。     

Battling resistance mechanisms in antihormonal prostate cancer treatment: Novel agents and combinations

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a hormone-sensitive disease. Androgen deprivation therapy lowers serum testosterone levels (castration) or blocks the androgen receptor (AR) ligand-binding domain. Especially in metastatic disease, hormonal therapy has been able to delay disease progression, reduce symptoms, and improve overall survival. Despite subsequent disease progression and development of castration resistance, PCa remains AR driven. Secondary hormonal treatments such as abiraterone acetate or enzalutamide have demonstrated increased overall survival. However, new resistance mechanisms to these agents have been identified, and systemic chemotherapy is still needed especially in fast-progressing castration-resistant PCa. Several promising androgen synthesis inhibitors (orteronel and galeterone), AR inhibitors (ARN-509, EPI-001, AZD3514, and ODM-201), and heat shock protein modulators (AT11387, 17-DMAG, STA-9090, and OGX-427) are currently under investigation. The wide variety in upcoming systemic agents underlines the molecular heterogeneity of castration-resistant PCa. This article reviews antihormonal therapy in PCa and resistance mechanisms and focuses on novel and upcoming agents currently in clinical testing.